What is the purpose of the Components and how do they differ? A car's internal combustion engine can be equipped …
Engine braking: tips and advice | How to properly brake the engine
One of the most basic functions of a car is braking. However, many overlook the fact that different ways can …
XWD: definition, function, principle of operation and causes of failure
XWD, Cross-Wheel Drive or Haldex Generation 4 are names for the all-wheel drive system that was first introduced in 2008 …
The engine piston – what is it and what is it for | main types
The engine piston is one of the essential working elements of the combustion engine. Inside such an engine there are …
The electric car with the longest range (2021) – Which electric car should you choose
Environmentally friendly means of transport are more and more in focus and electric cars are an increasing one Trend: many …
FWD: definition, characteristics and principle of operation
FWD is the generic term for front wheel drive. It was first installed in the Alvis Roadster in 1928. It …
What does 4motion mean? Description and principle of operation
4motion is a patented brand name for all-wheel drive systems in Volkswagen cars. It has been used since 1998. Until …
PCS: description, characteristics and principle of operation
PCS (Precision Control System) is an electronic stability control system for Oldsmobile -models. The first installation was in 2000 on …
What does RWD mean? Properties and technical specifications
RWD (rear wheel drive) is the universal name for rear wheel drive systems that for all brands of passenger and …
What does DSA mean? Description and principle of operation
DSA (Dynamic Stability Assistance) is a dynamic stability control system that specially developed for compact Volvo models. This prevents the …
4Matic: definition, properties and principle of operation
4Matic is an all-wheel drive system used in Mercedes-Benz cars is mounted. This system was developed in-house by Daimler AG. …
What does 4×4 mean? Properties and technical specifications
4×4 is the general term for all-wheel drive systems, the two-axle Power vehicles. The term often refers specifically to the …
xDrive: description, characteristics and principle of operation
xDrive is a proprietary all-wheel drive system that has been used in BMW cars since 2003 equipped. It is available …
What does All Trac mean? Properties and technical specifications
All-Trac is a permanent four-wheel drive system installed on certain Toyota vehicles between the years 1988 and 2000. It was …
What does 4WD mean? Description and principle of operation
4WD is a term most car manufacturers use for all-wheel drive systems . Additionally, the terms AWD and 4×4 are …
4×4 Allgrip: definition, characteristics and principle of operation
4×4 Allgrip is an intelligent four-wheel drive system installed on Suzuki vehicles. It was first used on the Vitara model …
What does 4Drive mean? Properties and technical specifications
4Drive is a permanent four-wheel drive system , which was developed for Seat vehicles. It even prevents minimal wheel slip …
A-TRAC: definition, function, operating principle, and causes of failure
A-TRAC is an active traction control system for a range of four-wheel drive vehicles -Toyota models. It improves the car's …
CST: description, characteristics and principle of operation
CST (Traction and Stability Control) is a stability control system for Ferrari -models. This optimizes the operation of the anti-lock …
What does S-AWC mean? Properties and technical specifications
S-AWC (Super All Wheel Control) is the name of a driving dynamics control system from Mitsubishi that has been installed …
